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Excavation Year |
2004 |
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Epoch |
Neolithic;
Bronze Age;
Hallstatt;
Latene
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Periods |
Eneolithic;
Bronze Age;
Hallstatt;
La Tène
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Site Category |
Defence;
Civil;
Domestic
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Site Types |
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Map it |
Find it on the Romanian map |
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County / District |
Buzău |
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Locality |
Pietroasa Mică |
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Commune |
Pietroasele |
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Site |
Gruiu Dării |
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Site Sector |
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Site name |
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Persons involved and Institutions |
| Last name | First name | role | Institution |
| Aldea |
Cristian |
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Universitatea Dunării de Jos, Galaţi |
| Bălăşescu |
Adrian |
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Muzeul Naţional de Istorie a României, Centrul Naţional de Cercetări Pluridisciplinare |
| Dupoi |
Vasile |
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Universitatea "Spiru Haret", Bucureşti |
| Duţescu |
Maria-Magdalena |
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Universitatea Bucureşti, Facultatea de Istorie |
| Lazăr |
Nicolae |
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Universitatea "Ovidius", Constanţa |
| Mărgineanu-Cârstoiu |
Monica |
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Institutul de Arheologie "Vasile Pârvan", Bucureşti |
| Matei |
Sebastian |
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Muzeul Judeţean Buzău |
| Pascu |
Fănel |
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| Sîrbu |
Valeriu |
Site director |
Muzeul Brăilei |
| Stan |
Adriana |
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Universitatea Bucureşti, Facultatea de Biologie |
| Stoian |
Viorel |
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| Ștefan |
Dan |
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SC Net4You SRL Bucureşti |
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National Arch. Record Site Code |
48539.01
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Report |
Situl, aflat pe un promontoriu de formă ovală cu înălţimea absolută de 534 m, este înconjurat din trei părţi de laturi abrupte, iar cea de-a patra, uşor accesibilă, a fost cea mai puternic fortificată. Pe această înălţime, care conferea o bună protecţie naturală şi o excelentă vizibilitate spre câmpie, s-au descoperit vestigii din eneolitic (cultura Cernavoda Ic şi Cucuteni B), din epoca bronzului (cultura Monteoru), din sec. IV-III a. Chr. (doar sporadic), dar cele mai impresionante vestigii cercetate datează din sec. I a. Chr.-I p. Chr., când aici a existat o incintă sacră fortificată cu zid de piatră.
În campania din 2004 s-a continuat cercetarea în secţiunile S9, S12, S13, S14, S15, S18, S20, S21, S22, precum şi în S1 şi S2 din zona fortificaţiei.
Întrucât nu s-a finalizat cercetarea sistemului de fortificaţie, se pot face doar observaţii preliminare: pe latura de NV, cea mai accesibilă, este vorba de un zid cu două paramente şi emplecton, probabil cu două faze de construcţie: de asemenea, s-au identificat unele elemente care ar sugera existenţa unei porţi în această zonă; pe latura de N, pe lângă zidul de apărare, ale cărui fundaţii au fost identificate pe aproape toată lungimea, este posibilă şi existenţa unor structuri de susţinere a pantei, pe laturile de E şi S, mult mai abrupte, o parte a incintei a fost distrusă, datorită exploatării calcarului astfel că nu se mai poate stabili ce tip de fortificaţie a existat aici.
Doar în secţiunea S9 a fost atinsă baza nivelului de cultură arheologică, situat pe stânca nativă. În acest loc stratigrafia, privită de la suprafaţă spre bază, se prezintă în felul următor: strat negru-măzărat cu material arheologic de factură dacică, strat cenuşiu ce conţine cantităţi foarte mari materiale arheologice de factură dacică, îndeosebi în complexele păstrate in situ; strat cenuşiu-gălbui, cu evidente urme de nivelare, ce conţine materiale arheologice dacice şi mult calcar pisat, probabil rezultat în urma ridicării zidului de incintă, pământ castaniu-cenuşiu, compact, pigmentat cu lipitură arsă şi cărbune, cu materiale arheologice monteorene, pământ brun, compact, clisos, cu materiale de factură eneolitică; în acest nivel există o mare cantitate de bolovani mari de calcar, mulţi dintre ei stând pe stanca nativă.
În această campanie au fost descoperite şi cercetate, total sau parţial, 19 complexe, după cum urmează: 13 geto-dacice, 12 din sec. I a. Chr.-I p. Chr. (8 complexe de tip moviliţă cu ring de pietre la bază şi, în câteva cazuri, cu vetre in situ sau depuse, o vatră şi 2 gropi, o aglomerare şi un complex dificil, încă, de definit), plus un complex (C77) din sec. IV-III a. Chr., 5 aparţinând epocii bronzului (o vatră, o aglomerare de fragmente de vase şi 3 complexe de locuire) şi unul eneolitic (aglomerare de material arheologic/complex de cult ?). De asemenea, s-a încheiat cercetarea unor complexe descoperite în campaniile anterioare.
Complexele geto-dacice. Cel mai numeros tip de complex îl reprezintă depunerea de tip moviliţă cu ring de pietre la bază, în această campanie descoperindu-se opt asemenea complexe, dintre care doar două aveau vetre in situ (C 79, C82). Au fost descoperite şi două complexe neafectate de depunerile din sec. I p. Chr. (C 80 şi C 93) care, după inventar şi stratigrafie, se datează în sec. I a. Chr.
Un tip de complex extrem rar întâlnit în săpăturile de la Gruiu Dării îl reprezintă gropile (doar patru până acum!), anul acesta identificându-se două exemplare din sec. I a.Chr.-I p. Chr.
În urma cercetării acestor complexe a rezultat un bogat inventar, reprezentat de vase şi fragmente de vase ceramice, podoabe din bronz şi fier, arme, piese de harnaşament, unelte, ustensile şi diverse obiecte din lut din fier, bronz, os, piatră, precum şi o cantitate mare de oase de animale.
Tot în această campanie a fost descoperit şi un complex de formă ovală (C77) din sec. IV-III a. Chr., aflat într-o alveolare (D = 1,2 x 1 m) ce conţinea, într-un pământ cenuşiu-negricios, o mare aglomerare de fragmente ceramice de la mai multe vase întregibile, bucăţi de lipitură arsă, grâu şi mei carbonizat, bucăţi de cărbune şi un vârf de săgeată din bronz cu trei aripioare. Inventarul, în marea lui majoritate descoperit în complexe, este bogat şi variat.
S-au descoperit aproape toate tipurile olăriei dacice din sec. II a. Chr.-I p. Chr., modelate cu mâna sau cu roata, arse oxidant sau inoxidant: borcane, vase de provizii, ceşti-opaiţ, fructiere, cupe cu picior, kantharoi, străchini, boluri, strecurători, capace etc., decorul fiind plastic, incizat, lustruit, pictat ori realizat în tipar.
Din fier, bronz, argint, piatră ori lut s-au găsit unelte şi ustensile (cuţite, cosoare, greutăţi, râşniţe, cute, fusaiole şi rondele etc.), podoabe şi accesorii vestimentare (fibule, cercei, inele, pandantive, brăţări, mărgele, ace de păr etc.), piese de harnaşament (psalii, pinteni), arme (vârfuri de săgeţi, cuţite), apoi monede dacice şi romane, scoabe, cuie şi piroane etc.
Complexe din epoca bronzului. În această campanie au fost identificate şi patru complexe aparţinând epocii bronzului, respectiv culturii Monteoru. În secţiunea S9, la adâncimea de -2,2 m, a fost descoperit Complexul 76 - o vatră de formă ovală (diametrul= 0,7 x 0,5 m), precum şi podina unei locuinţe rectangulare (C 94); din păcate, cea mai mare parte a acestei locuinţe se află în malul de NV, astfel că nu-i cunoaştem dimensiunile exacte, deşi el s-a observat foarte clar în profilul de NV, ca o dungă gălbuie, lungă de 3,7 m şi lată de cca. 0,1 m. Acest complex a fost suprapus, parţial, de un bordei (C 89), ce conţinea un număr mare de fragmente ceramice de factură monteoreană timpurie, care ajungea până la adâncimea de -2,8/-2,85 m.
Complexe eneolitice. În carourile A şi D ale suprafeţei S9, la adâncimea de -2,2/2,4 –2,6 m, a fost identificat un interesant complex eneolitic, pus în evidenţă de o mare aglomerare de material arheologic, situat peste/şi printre bolovani de diverse dimensiuni, unii ajungând la jumătate de metru lungime. S-au recoltat numeroase fragmente ceramice provenind de la vase globulare, unele parţial întregibile, fragmente de vase decorate pe buză cu şnurul, un vas în miniatură, un altăraş întregibil din lut, o figurină zoomorfă din lut şi una antropomorfă din os, m plus craniu de bour. După scoaterea materialului arheologic şi a bolovanilor s-a ajuns la stânca nativă, printre fisurile căreia mai puteau fi găsite destule fragmente ceramice eneolitice. Este greu de precizat ce reprezintă acest complex însă în mod sigur nu era un complex de locuire. Prezenţa în cantitate foarte mare a materialului arheologic şi semnificaţia unor piese descoperite aici ne oferă indicii pentru plasarea acestui complex în sfera cultică, întrucât el nu prezintă caracteristicile unui complex de locuire .
Piesele descoperite au intrat în patrimoniul MJ Buzău, în laboratoare efectuându-se operaţiunile de conservare-restaurare a lor şi, aproape în totalitate, au fost deja desenate.
S-au folosit mijloace clasice şi moderne de înregistrare a descoperirilor: staţii GPS, staţie totală, aparate foto clasice şi digitale, camere video etc., s-au efectuat analize ale faunei, îndeosebi din complexe.
S-au luat, de asemenea, măsuri primare de protecţie şi conservare a zidurilor şi a complexelor descoperite, prin sprijinire şi acoperire cu pietre, folii de plastic şi pământ; s-au pus indicatoare de metal privind locul unde se află situl şi faptul că este un monument protejat de lege.
Fauna de la Gruiu Dării
Adriana Stan, Adrian Bălăşescu
Fauna provine din 25 de complexe arheologice (C2, C3, C5, C15, C16, C17, C19, C38, C41, C43, C44, C45, C46, C47, C48, C63, C73, C75, C78, C79, C83, C86, C87, C92, C93) şi ea numără peste 900 de resturi faunistice determinate specific. Cantitatea de material descoperită în aceste complexe variază de la 4 resturi în C47 până la 162 în C45. Din cele 25 de complexe analizate din punct de vedere arheozoologic până în acest moment avem doar 8 complexe care au peste 40 de resturi determinate (C2= 48 NR, C3= 69 NR, C43= 45 NR, C45= 162 NR, C46= 64 NR, C63= 56 NR, C73= 40 NR, C79= 55NR ). Din aceste motive credem că acestea ar putea reprezenta o prioritate pentru viitorul studiu arheozoologic al sitului de aici.
Fauna este reprezentată, mai ales, de resturi de mamifere care numără peste 99% din eşantionul analizat. Această situaţie s-ar putea datora şi faptului că majoritatea materialului a fost prelevată direct ("la ochi"), la fel cu celelalte artefacte arheologice. Probabil o sitare a sedimentului arheologic, din anumite complexe arheologice importante, ar fi dus la o recoltare într-o cantitate mai mare a resturilor de mici dimensiuni care aparţin moluştelor (scoici şi melci), peşti, reptile şi păsări.
În cadrul faunei de mamifere s-au identificat peste 12 taxoni, din care şapte specii domestice: cal domestic (Equus caballus), măgar? (Equus asinus), vită domestică (Bos taurus), oaie (Ovis aries), capră (Capra hircus), porc (Sus domesticus), câine (Canis familiaris) şi cinci specii sălbatice: urs (Ursus arctos), mistreţ (Sus scrofa), cerb (Cervus elaphus), castor (Castor fiber) şi iepure (Lepus europaues).
Ponderea speciilor domestice ca număr de resturi reprezintă peste 90%. În acest moment al studiului nu am considerat necesar să calculăm şi numărul minim de indivizi, dacă ne gândim că cercetarea arheologică şi arheozoologică de la Gruiu Dării încă continuă. Dintre speciile domestice, în acest moment al studiului, predominante sunt resturile de suine (38%), urmate de ovicaprine (27,5%) şi bovine (23,5%).
Vânatul este slab reprezentat, sub 10% ca NR, dintre acestea predominante sunt resturile de mistreţ şi cerb.
În cadrul repartiţiei fragmentelor faunistice pe elemente anatomice, resturile craniene reprezintă 32,5%, cele ale coloanei vertebrale - 8,2%, cele ale membrelor acoperite de carne (scapulă, coxal, humerus, femur, radius, ulnă, tibie şi fibulă)-33,5%, iar cele ale membrelor sărace în carne (carpiene, tarsiene, metapodii şi falange)-25,8%.
În complexele mai bine reprezentate (> 40 NR) resturile craniene au o pondere care variază între 25% (C45 şi C63) şi 41% (C2). O pondere a resturilor craniene de 25%-30% credem că este normală într-un sit în care studiem resturi menajere ale comunităţilor preistorice.
O situaţie mai specială prezintă complexul C45 care este cel mai bogat (162 NR) şi unde resturile oaselor lungi ating 42%, restul fiind reprezentat de fragmente osoase care provin din regiuni seci de carne (carpiene, tarsiene, metapodii, falange).
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Abstract other lang. |
Topography. The site is located on a cape (elevation 534 m) of the Istrita mountain, part of the Curve Carpathians, which was almost truncated in shape, with three steep sides and an easily accessible slanted fourth side (to the W and NW).
Enclosure. Only about 2500 square meters of the enclosure are preserved today because its southern and eastern sides were affected by limestone quarries along the ages. It may have spanned 3500-4000 square meters in the Dacian period.
Fortification system. Since the southern and eastern sides of the enclosure were profoundly affected by the limestone quarries, one cannot deduce anything about the fortification that was here once. Even if the slopes may have been steep in the ancient, some sort of protection was required here as well.
The fortification on the northern side was even more affected, but it is clear it was there once, as proven by the vestiges found during the excavations, as well as by the stone walls fallen on the northern terrace (since the research is in its beginning, we cannot provide any more details).
On the other hand, still impressive wall vestiges span for about 50 meters in length on the easily accessible northern and north-western sides. One can notice two construction stages. At first, the wall was erected directly on the native rock, as no traces of a foundation ditch could be seen in the area researched.
The latter-phase wall is about 2.20 m in length, and the inside face of the wall which represents for the most part the foundation, is preserved, about 1.20 m tall. The tiles, usually polished on the side exposed to view, have been joined with a white-yellowish past. The emplecton consists of small and medium-sized rocks, held together with yellow soil.
Stratigraphy and chronology. The oldest vestiges belong to the final Eneolithic (the Cernavoda IC and Cucuteni B cultures) and then to the various stages of the Monteoru culture from the Bronze Age.
There aren’t many vestiges from the 4-3 centuries BC, only isolated items, but well dated: Greek amphorae stamps, fibulae, coins, Dacian vessels.
The 1st century BC –1st century AD are well documented in terms of stratigraphy and complexes, as well as by a wide range of items, and the dozens of fibulae among them are reliable chronological buoys.
Types of complexes. Only four types of complexes could be dated back to the Dacian period: a) mound-like deposits, usually with rings and fireplaces on the inside, b) piles of materials without rings, c) isolated fireplaces d) only 4 pits!.
In the 22 areas excavated between 2001 and 2004 (totaling 350 square meters), one found 79 Dacian complexes, most of them of the mound type 62. The previous excavation campaigns, from 1974-1989, which researched an area of about 800 square meters, found the same type of complexes, but their number cannot be exactly determined
We will now discuss the types of complexes.
a) Mound-type votive deposits with a ring on the bottom (46 cases) are the most numerous and varied, include the richest inventory and raise the most complicated problems, meaning they can be considered standard complexes.
Round or oval, with diameters ranging between 0.40-1.80 m, they have a ring of stones at the bottom, often laid down on an area of yellow soil, obviously deposited there. The stone ring is more or less compact and consists of stones of various sizes, often even of grinder or grinder fragments of the Hellenistic-Roman type. Most of these deposits have been covered, more or less compact, with rocks and vessel fragments. The height of these complexes, probably truncated or hemispheric in size, is difficult to determine because of the erosion in time. The current height ranges between 0.20 and 0.60m. One found inside these complexes pieces of dwelling walls or of vessels, rocks, animal bones, rarely coal, plus archaeological inventory – entire of fragmented items. We are often dealing with entire items, including ceramic vessels, sometimes broken in situ.
b) Complexes without rings at the bottom (16 cases) consist of agglomerations of rocks (e.g. C48), of animal bones, some anatomically joined (e.g. C49), of burnt fragments from the dwelling walls (e.g. C24), of vessel fragments, animal bones and stones (e.g. C61).
c) Isolated fireplaces in situ (10 cases). Also, in all the areas excavated, but in different concentrations (e.g. in S18, of 5 complexes, 5 were fireplaces), one found isolated fireplaces.
The inventory discovered so far is very rich and varied, formed of complete objects deposited and pottery broken in situ. Although there are "richer" and "poorer" complexes, we couldn’t speak in this case of hoards or deposits. Being mostly found in mound type complexes, with stone rings at the bottom, the inventory is formed of: pottery (almost all the known types for this period), tools and utensils (knives, grinders, whetstone, weights, stitches, handles, etc.), clothes accessories and jewelry (fibulae, rings, earrings, pendants, bracelets, necklaces, beads, hair pins, links, etc.), weapons (arrow heads, spear heads, curb knives) and harness gear (bridles and spurs).
The site type. The most important question is: what type of a monument was Gruiu Darii? Was it a fortress, a settlement, a necropolis or a sacred enclosure?
It wasn’t a fortress, as it is located far away from any means of communication and any important Dacian settlement; moreover, we haven’t found any dwelling or military camps and the weaponry is very poor.
It wasn’t a settlement, because no typical complexes, such as huts, surface dwellings, workshops have been found. As we have already said, the remains of dwelling walls were always in secondary position, either put in the mound type complexes, or isolated, in the layer, in situ.
It wasn’t a necropolis, because nothing was found to prove it.
Consequently, we must state there was a sacred enclosure, and all the discoveries made so far are in favor of this conclusion. During 18 years, the surface excavated – almost 1100sqm, which means a third of the total surface of the enclosure, the archaeologists found nothing but votive deposits and isolated fireplaces.
These materials (fragments of walls and fireplaces, animal bones, stones) as well as their rich and varied inventory have been deposited, as a rule, in mound shaped complexes. The clay found under such complexes, and the stone rings delimiting them make us think of cultural acts meant to show the sacred character of the future deposit. The presence of the fireplaces, inside or between the deposits, is an argument for the essential part the fire played in the rituals performed in this enclosure.
The content of the mound-like complexes and the categories of objects show us that the remains of the dwellings and their inventory deposited here came from settlements of a large geographical area. The analysis revealed the fact that they made a selection because while some categories are missing or are very rare, some others are plenty.
What is beyond any doubt is that, given its monumentality and the richness of the votive deposits, Gruiu Darii was an important sacred center (temenos) and that analyzing and interpreting the vestiges will substantially enrich our knowledge about the spiritual life of the Geto-Dacians.
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Abstract |
Topography. The site is located on a cape (elevation 534 m) of Istrita Mountain, part of the Curved Carpathians, which was almost truncated in shape, with three steep sides and an easily accessible slanted fourth side (to the W and the NW). Enclosure. Only about 2500 square meters of the enclosure are preserved today because its south and east sides were damaged by limestone quarries over the ages. It may have spanned 3500-4000 square meters in the Dacian period.
Fortification system. Since the south and east sides of the enclosure were badly damaged by the limestone quarries, and one cannot deduce anything about the fortification that was here once. Even if the slopes may have been steep in ancient times, some sort of protection was required here as well.
The fortification on the north side was even more damaged, but it is clear it was there once, as proven by the vestiges found during the excavations, as well as by the stone walls fallen on the north terrace (since the research is in its beginning, we cannot provide any more details).
On the other hand, still impressive wall vestiges about 50 meters in length can be seen on the easily accessible north and north-west sides. One can notice two construction phases. At first, the wall was erected directly on the native rock, as no traces of a foundation trench could be seen in the researched area. The later phase wall is about 2.20 m in length, and the inside face of the wall which represents for the most part the foundation, is preserved, about 1.20 m high. The tiles, usually polished on the visible side, were bound with a white-yellowish fabric. The emplecton consists of small and medium-sized rocks, held together with yellow soil.
Stratigraphy and chronology. The oldest vestiges belong to the final Aeneolithic (the Cernavoda IC and Cucuteni B cultures) and then to the various phases of the Monteoru culture from the Bronze Age.
We do not have many vestiges from the 4-3 centuries BC, only isolated artifacts, but well dated: Greek amphorae stamps, fibulae, coins, Dacian vessels.
The 1st century BC –1st century AD are well documented in terms of stratigraphy and complexes, as well as due to a wide range of artifacts, and the dozens of fibulae among them that are reliable chronologically.
Types of complexes. Only four types of complexes could be dated back to the Dacian period: a) mound-like deposits, usually with rings and fireplaces on the inside, b) piles of materials without rings, c) isolated fireplaces d) only 4 pits.
In the 22 areas excavated between 2001 and 2004 (totaling 350 square meters), we found 79 Dacian complexes, most of them of the mound type 62. During the previous 1974-1989 excavation campaigns, we researched an area of about 800 square meters, and found the same type of complexes, but their number cannot be exactly determined.
We will now discuss the types of complexes.
a) Mound-type votive deposits with a ring on the bottom (46 cases) are the most numerous and varied, include the richest inventory and raise the most complicated problems, meaning they can be considered standard complexes.
Round or oval, with diameters ranging between 0.40-1.80 m, they have a ring of stones at the bottom, often laid down on an area of yellow soil, obviously deposited there. The stone ring is more or less compact and consists of stones of various sizes, often even of grinder sherds of the Hellenistic-Roman type. Most of these deposits were covered, more or less compact, with rocks and sherds. The height of these complexes, probably truncated or hemispheric in size, is difficult to determine because of the erosion in time. The current height ranges between 0.20 and 0.60m. We found inside these complexes pieces of dwelling walls or of vessels, rocks, animal bones, rarely charcoal, plus archaeological inventory – whole or fragmented artifacts. We are often dealing with whole artifacts, including pottery, sometimes broken in situ.
b) Complexes without rings at the bottom (16 cases) consist of agglomerations of rocks (e.g. C48), of animal bones, some anatomically joined (e.g. C49), of burned fragments from the dwelling walls (e.g. C24), of sherds, animal bones and stones (e.g. C61).
c) Isolated fireplaces in situ (10 cases). Also, in all the areas excavated, but in different concentrations (e.g. in S18, of 5 complexes, 5 were fireplaces), we found isolated fireplaces.
The inventory discovered so far is very rich and varied, formed of complete objects deposited and pottery broken in situ. Although there are "richer" and "poorer" complexes, we could not speak in this case of hoards or deposits. As they are found especially in mound type complexes, with stone rings at the bottom, the inventory includes: pottery (almost all the known types for this period), tools and utensils (knives, grinders, whetstone, weights, stitches, handles, etc.), clothes accessories and jewelry (fibulae, rings, earrings, pendants, bracelets, necklaces, beads, hair pins, links, etc.), weapons (arrow heads, spear heads, curb knives) and harness gear (bridles and spurs).
The site type. The most important question is: what type of a monument was Gruiu Darii? Was it a fortress, a settlement, a cemetery or a shrine?
It was not a fortress, as it is located far away from any means of communication and any important Dacian settlement; moreover, we did not find any dwelling or military camps and the weaponry is very poor.
It was not a settlement, because no typical complexes, such as huts, surface dwellings, workshops were found. As we already said, the remains of dwelling walls were always in secondary position, either put in the mound type complexes, or isolated, in the layer, in situ.
It was not a cemetery, because nothing was found to prove it.
Consequently, we must say that it was a shrine, and all the discoveries made so far are in favour of this conclusion. During 18 years, in the excavated area– almost 1100 sq.m.., which means a third of the total area of the shrine, the archaeologists found nothing but votive deposits and isolated fireplaces.
These materials (fragments of walls and fireplaces, animal bones, stones) as well as their rich and varied inventory were deposited, as a rule, in mound shaped complexes. The clay found under such complexes, and the stone rings delimiting them make us think of cultural acts meant to show the sacred nature of the future deposit. The presence of the fireplaces, inside or between the deposits, is an argument for the essential part played by the fire in the rituals performed in this shrine.
The contents of the mound-like complexes and the categories of objects show us that the remains of the dwellings and their inventory deposited here came from settlements of a large geographical area. The analysis revealed the fact that they made a selection because while some categories are missing or are very rare, others abound. What is beyond any doubt is that, given its monumentality and the richness of the votive deposits, Gruiu Darii was an important shrine (temenos) and that by analysing and interpreting the vestiges we will substantially enrich our knowledge about the spiritual life of the Geto-Dacians.
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Bibliography |
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Bibliographic notes |
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Source |
Cronica cercetărilor arheologice din România |
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Editor |
CIMEC |
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Language |
RO |
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